Alcohols (-OH)

Alcohols contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom. They are named by changing the ending of the hydrocarbon to "-ol" and indicating the position of the -OH group.

Nomenclature Rules

1. Identify the main chain containing the -OH group.
2. Number the chain giving priority to the position of the -OH group.
3. The name ends in "-ol" with a prefix indicating the position.
4. They can also be named as "alcohol" for simple compounds.

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

It is a two-carbon alcohol with the -OH group at position 1.

Propan-2-ol (isopropanol)

It is a three-carbon alcohol with the -OH group at position 2.

Ketones (C=O)

Ketones contain the carbonyl group (-C=O) attached to two carbon atoms. Unlike aldehydes, the carbonyl group cannot be at the end of the chain.

Nomenclature Rules

1. Identify the main chain containing the carbonyl group.
2. Number the chain giving priority to the position of the carbonyl group.
3. The name ends in "-one" with a prefix indicating the position.
4. For simple ketones, names like "dimethyl ketone" (acetone) can also be used.

Propanone (acetone)

It is a three-carbon ketone with the carbonyl group at position 2.

Pentan-3-one

It is a five-carbon ketone with the carbonyl group at position 3.

Aldehydes (-CHO)

Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group (-C=O) located at the end of the carbon chain, with a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon of the carbonyl group.

Nomenclature Rules

1. Identify the main chain containing the -CHO group.
2. The -CHO group is always at position 1, so it is not necessary to indicate it.
3. The name ends in "-al".

Ethanal (acetaldehyde)

It is a two-carbon aldehyde.

3-methylbutanal

It is a four-carbon aldehyde with a methyl group at position 3.

Carboxylic Acids (-COOH)

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group (-COOH), which combines a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom.

Nomenclature Rules

1. Identify the main chain containing the -COOH group.
2. The -COOH group is always at position 1, so it is not necessary to indicate it.
3. The name begins with "acid" and ends in "-oic" or "-ic".

Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)

It is a two-carbon carboxylic acid.

3-methylbutanoic acid

It is a four-carbon carboxylic acid with a methyl group at position 3.

Esters (-COO-)

Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydrogen of the -COOH group has been replaced by an alkyl group (-R).

Nomenclature Rules

1. Identify the carboxylic acid and the alcohol that form the ester.
2. The name begins with the name of the acid changing "-oic" to "-ate" or "-ic" to "-ate".
3. Followed by "of" and the name of the alkyl group from the alcohol.

Methyl acetate (methyl ethanoate)

It is an ester formed by acetic acid (ethanoic acid) and methyl alcohol.

Ethyl propanoate

It is an ester formed by propanoic acid and ethyl alcohol.